Technical Illustrators often have to make charts and graphs to illustrate a phenomena, an industrial event,or perhaps a change in climate over time. There are many reasons for charts and graphs and most of them have to do with getting the point across to an audience. The discovery of charts made it visually easier for the human mind to comprehend what is going on with the data.

The information often gathered for the chart maker or illustrator is from actual data. There are other forms of data collecting that involve sampling the population to see a particular point of view that may be prevalent in our society. Whether our data is absolute fact or a sample of a conjectured argument the procedure is the same.

Your Midterm is going to be about making several different kinds of charts with data. As always our work with the chart or graph has to be neat and precise and get the point across about the information we have to illustrate.

Connecting Your Learning

As you work your way through this lesson, you should reflect on the following questions:

What is the purpose of a chart or graph?
What kinds of charts and graphs are there?
How does the cartesian coordinate system fit into the math of Chart making?

The State of Arizona has assembled Drafting standards to make sure that Instruction is thorough and well thought out by the instructor. By clicking on the hyperlink below will upload to your browser window the entirety of these standards. The standards that are addressed in this lesson are below the hyperlink.

1.0 USE BOARD DRAFTING EQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS AND MEDIA.

• 1.1 Analyze Drawing surfaces for Drafting
• 1.6 Demonstrate Sheet Setup skills

2.0 DEMONSTRATE SKETCHING, LETTERING, AND LINE SKILLS.

• 2.1 Demonstrate freehand sketching skills for drafting applications.
• 2.2 Demonstrate lettering skills.
• 2.3 Demonstrate line work.

6.0 DEMONSTRATE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS

• 6.1 Measure Geometric Constructions.
• 6.2 Develop Geometric Constructions.

8.0 APPLY BOARD DRAFTING SKILLS TO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN/DRAFTING (CADD)

• 8.1 Demonstrate computer skills for a CADD system.
• 8.2 Create dimensional CADD entities.
• 8.3 Create 3 dimensional CADD drawings.

5.0 CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWINGS

• 5.4 Construct pictorial charts/graphs.

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The State of Arizona has also assembled Math standards and many of these apply directly to the vocational subject area of Drafting. Drafting is a very precise discipline and the use of mathematics is integral to design and manufacturing. Below are the math standards that are involved in this lesson

1M-P1. Compare and contrast the real number system and its various subsystems with
regard to their structural characteristics

• PO 2. Compare subsets of the real number system with regard to their properties
  (commutative, associative, distributive, identity, inverse and closure properties)

1M-P2. Construct, interpret and demonstrate meaning for real numbers and absolute

• PO 3. Solve real-world distance problems using absolute value
• PO 4. Determine, among the solutions to a real-world problem, which, if any, is reasonable
• PO 2. Define absolute value as the distance from the origin

4M-P1. Interpret and draw three-dimensional objects

• PO 1. Sketch prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders and spheres
• PO 2. Classify prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders and spheres by base shape and lateral surface shape.
• PO 3. Recognize the three-dimensional figure represented by a two-dimensional drawing.
• PO 5. Make a model of a three-dimensional figure from a two-dimensional drawing and make a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object (models and representations include scale drawings, perspective drawings, blueprints or computer simulations)

4M-P4. Deduce properties of, and relationships between, figures from given
assumptions

• PO 1. Find similarities and differences among geometric shapes and designs using a given attribute (e.g., height, area, perimeter, diagonals and angle measurements)
• PO 2. Identify arcs, chords, tangents and secants of a circle
• PO 3. State valid conclusions using given geometric definitions, postulates and theorems
• PO 4. Represent pi as the ratio of circumference to diameter

2M-P1. Construct and draw inferences including measures of central tendency, from
charts, tables, graphs and data plots that summarize data from real-world situations
Core – will be tested on AIMS

• PO 1. Organize collections of data into frequency charts, stem-and-leaf plots, scatter plots
• PO 2. Construct histograms, line graphs, circle graphs and box-and-whisker plots
• PO 4. Evaluate the reasonableness of conclusions drawn from data analysis
  

2M-P3. Apply curve fitting to make predictions from data
Core – will be tested on AIMS

• PO 1. Draw a line which closely fits a scatter plot
• PO 2. Make a prediction from a linear pattern in plots of data

1. Create a line graph in ACAD to represent two kinds of fuels and the MPG that would be attained at different road speeds and be able to write a statement about the chart.
2. Construct a double bar graph to show the total distance required to stop an automobile traveling at certain speeds. A data table will be provided below.This graph will be created in ACAD and then text added in Windows Paint Shop.You will be asked to write a statement about this chart and its data.
3. Construct a single bar graph in ACAD from data regarding the assets of the largest Manufacturing companies in the United States.This will be in 3d and be exported to Windows Paint for text. What manufacturing companies have all the assets in our country?
4. Construct a Pie graph in 3d in ACAD regarding the operating costs of a certain engineering firm.The ACAD rendered file will be exported to Windows Paint for text. Where is most of the money spent with this engineering firm and what would be the point of making a chart of this nature?

Key Terms

"click on the key on any of these terms and it will hyperlink to the course glossary"

bar chart	line chart	pie charts	cartesian
graph	x axis	y axis

 

Instruction

The following is the first line Chart that you will be drawing in ACAD. As you can see you will have to interpret what you see. This is just the beginning to get you started with the cartesian coordinate system (the x and y of it all).

• Midterm1a: Below is the first chart that you will build using ACAD. The legends are important to place, the y axis is Miles Per Gallon and the x axis is speed in MPH. As you can see you are comparing 2 types of gasoline. Which of these is higher or lower octane? What would be your guess?

Below is what your drawing should look like when finished

 

• Midterm 1b

  In this part of the Midterm you will be creating a similar graph with the following data: Lets see if you can arrange the x and y legends and achieve the appropriate scale to plot your data.

 

Midterm 1c

In this part of the Midterm you will be creating a bar graph of the stopping distances of an automobile at different speeds. What rule could one generate as a result of viewing your chart.? Does it take longer to stop a car the faster you travel?

Speed	Distance Required to stop
10MPH	15.5 Feet
20MPH	40 Feet
30MPH	73 Feet
40MPH	115 Feet
50MPH	166 Feet
60MPH	226 Feet
70MPH	295 Feet

Below is an example of part of this bar graph completed. As you can see you must calibrate the y axis from left and right to obtain an accurate analysis.

 

Midterm 1d

In this part of the Midterm you will be creating a Pie Chart of the following data given below. You will be doing this in ACAD and you will have to calculate percentages with 360 degrees that are in a circle. Here is a practical application of mathematics. Do you know how many degrees that would be represented by 10 %? 36 degrees is the correct answer and you should be able to resolve the rest of the math accordingly. Make the Pie Chart in color and you can use Windows Paint to add text to your chart.

The following is an example of the quality and detail that your pie chart should look like when you are finished editing in Windows Paint Shop. You will need to create regions of the above data and render the image to a file and then export it to Windows Paint Shop.

 

I will explain this further in the Midterm media disc. Please insert the media disk and listen to the Midterm.

*Note: The Lessons are best viewed with real player and you can download the latest version by clicking on the words real player.

Your Text Book and Reading Assignments

Summary and Assessment